Police Brutality Essays (9057 words) - Law Enforcement, Government

Police Brutality In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform , education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise , however, when one side is told what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as badg e and gun holders to intimidate and abuse civilians for personal or departmental goals. Such conflicts have significant implications on departmental and administrative policy procedures. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. The main goal here should be to get the police departments to adopt and enforce a written policy governing the use of physical force. The policy should restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand-to-hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns, and firearms. However, limiting polices' actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons criminals have on the streets, and limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. For instance, not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, to help curtail unwarranted use, but policies should require officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. That report should then be automatically reviewed by superior officers. It is necessary to involve superior officers so that a tolerance of brutality is not established, and an atmosphere conducive to police abuse is not created. Police may feel that such action would be burdensome. This is so because police often already feel burdened and restrained by policy and paperwork which takes a large amount of their on-duty time. When will police be required to do paperwork on how long and what was done during each coffee break to ensure tax payers are getting their every seconds worth? There must be a reasonable balance between civilian intervention and administration. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical force. The incidents should then be investigated. For those officers who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they

Spanish Shawl Nudibranch - Flabellina iodinea Profile

Spanish Shawl Nudibranch - Flabellina iodinea Profile    The Spanish shawl nudibranch (Flabellina iodinea), also known as the purple aeolis, is a striking nudibranch, with a purple or bluish body, red rhinophores and orange cerata. Spanish shawl nudibranchs can grow to about 2.75 inches in length. Unlike some nudibranchs, which remain on their chosen substrate, this nudibranch can swim in the water column by flexing its body from side to side in a u-shape. Click here for a video of a Spanish shawl nudibranch swimming. Seeing this nudibranch swimming may remind you of the fringed shawls worn by Flamenco dancers, for which this nudibranch gets its name.    Classification:    Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Nudibranchia Family: Flabellinoidea Genus: Flabellina species: iodinea    Habitat and Distribution: You might think of a colorful creature like this as inaccessible - but Spanish shawl nudibranchs are found in relatively shallow water in the Pacific Ocean from British Columbia, Canada to the Galapagos Islands. They can be found in intertidal areas out to a water depth of about 130 feet. Feeding: This nudibranch feeds on a species of hydroid (Eudendrium ramosum), which possesses a pigment called astaxanthin. This pigment gives the Spanish shawl nudibranch its brilliant color. In the Spanish shawl nudibranch, the astaxanthin shows up in 3 different states, creating the purple, orange and red colors found on this species. Astaxanthin is also found in other marine creatures, including lobsters (which contributes to the lobsters red appearance when cooked), krill, and salmon. Reproduction:    Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic - they poses reproductive organs of both sexes, so they can mate opportunistically when another nudibranch is nearby. Mating occurs when two nudibranchs get together - the reproductive organs are on the right side of the body, so the nudibranchs match up their right sides. Usually both animals pass sperm sacs through a tube, and eggs are laid. Nudibranchs may be found first by seeing their eggs - if you see eggs, the adults who laid them may be nearby. The Spanish shawl nudibranch lays ribbons of eggs that are pinkish-orange in color, and are often found on the hydroids upon which it preys. After about a week, the eggs develop into free-swimming veligers, which eventually settle on the ocean bottom as a miniature nudibranch that grows into a larger adult.    Sources:    Goddard, J.H.R. 2000. Flabellina iodinea (Cooper, 1862).  Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. Accessed November 11, 2011.McDonald, G. Intertidal Invertebrates of the Monterey Bay Area, California.  Accessed November 11, 2011.Rosenberg, G. and Bouchet, P. 2011. Flabellina iodinea (J. G. Cooper, 1863). World Register of Marine Species. Accessed on November 14, 2011.SeaLifeBase. Flabellina iodinea. Accessed November 14, 2011.

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk Berkelium is one of the radioactive synthetic elements made in the cyclotron at Berkeley, California and the one that honors the work of this lab by bearing its name. It was the fifth transuranium element discovered (following neptunium, plutonium, curium, and americium). Heres a collection of facts about element 97 or Bk, including its history and properties: Element Name Berkelium Atomic Number 97 Element Symbol Bk Atomic Weight 247.0703 Berkelium Discovery Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., and Albert Ghiorso produced berkelium in December, 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley (United States). The scientists bombarded americium-241 with alpha particles in a cyclotron to yield berkelium-243 and two free neutrons. Berkelium Properties Such a small quantity of this element has been produced that very little is known about its properties. Most of the available information is based on predicted properties, based on the elements location on the periodic table. It is a paramagnetic metal and has one of the lowest bulk modulus  values of the actinides. Bk3 ions are fluorescent at 652 nanometers (red) and 742 nanometers (deep red). Under ordinary conditions, berkelium metal assumes hexagonal symmetry, transforming to a face-centered cubic structure under pressure at room temperature, and an orthorhombic structure upon compression to 25 GPa. Electron Configuration [Rn] 5f9  7s2 Element Classification Berkelium is a member of the actinide element group or transuranium element series. Berkelium Name Origin Berkelium is pronounced as  BURK-lee-em. The element is named after Berkeley, California, where it was discovered. The element californium is also named for this lab. Density 13.25 g/cc Appearance Berkelium has a traditional shiny, metallic appearance. It is a soft, radioactive solid at room temperature. Melting Point The melting point of berkelium metal is  986  Ã‚ °C. This value is below that of neighbor element curium  (1340  Ã‚ °C), but higher than that of californium  (900  Ã‚ °C). Isotopes All of the isotopes of berkelium are radioactive. Berkelium-243 was the first isotope to be produced. The most stable isotope is berkelium-247, which has a half-life of 1380 years, eventually decaying into americium-243 via alpha decay. About 20 isotopes of berkelium are known. Pauling Negativity Number 1.3 First Ionizing Energy The first ionizing energy is predicted to be about 600 kJ/mol. Oxidation States The most common oxidation states of berkelium are 4 and 3. Berkelium Compounds Berkelium chloride (BkCl3) was the first Bk compound produced in sufficient quantity to be visible. The compound was synthesized in 1962 and weighed approximately 3 billionths of a gram. Other compounds which have been produced and studied using x-ray diffraction include berkelium oxychloride, berkelium fluoride (BkF3), berkelium dioxide (BkO2), and berkelium trioxide (BkO3). Berkelium Uses Since so little berkelium has ever been produced, there are no known uses of the element at this time aside from scientific research. Most of this research goes toward synthesis of heavier elements. A 22-milligram sample of berkelium was synthesized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was used to make element 117 for the first time, by bombarding the berkelium-249 with calcium-48 ions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. The element does not occur naturally, so additional samples must be produced in a lab. Since 1967, just over 1 gram of berkelium has been produced, in total! Berkelium Toxicity The toxicity of berkelium has not been well-studied, but its safe to assume it presents a health hazard if ingested or inhaled, due to its radioactivity. Berkelium-249 emits low-energy electrons and is reasonably safe to handle. It decays in alpha-emitting californium-249, which remains relatively safe for handling, but does result in free-radical production and self-heating of the sample. Berkelium Fast Facts Element Name: BerkeliumElement Symbol: BkAtomic Number: 97Appearance: Silvery metalElement Category: ActinideDiscovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1949) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Peterson, J. R.; Fahey, J. A.; Baybarz, R. D. (1971). The crystal structures and lattice parameters of berkelium metal. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33 (10): 3345–51. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(71)80656-5Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). Physical Review. 80 (5): 781. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.781Thompson, Stanley G.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1950). Chemical Properties of Berkelium. OSTI Technical Report doi:10.2172/932812

Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues in Business Case Study - 1

Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues in Business - Case Study Example In most case profit of the company is always shared with respect to the ratio of capital contributed by the partners into the business and the same case applies to sharing of loses. All partners in general partnership have equal right towards decision-making considering that each partner equally participates in management and control of the organization affairs. 2. It is noteworthy that the general partnership has unlimited liability and as such failure of the company to clear its debt obligations the personal property of the partners will be confiscated by the creditors (Cheeseman & McDonald 86). John Albert and Matthew Baker will be directly liable for all the liabilities of Lending Store. Failure of the general partners to clear the claims of the creditors will certainly make them lose their personal property to settle the debt. This means that the liability of general partners is a direct responsibility of the partners and as such, the partners must stand up for the responsibilit ies once they occur. 3. Forming a corporation involves many paper work and legal requirements unlike partnership and sole proprietorship. The first step in forming a corporation in Arizona starts with searching for a business name. The chosen name must be checked with the registry to ensure that it is not used by another company or does not infringe another company’s name or trademark. The second step involves registering the business name. The third step involves choosing of directors who can make vital policies and financial decisions such as authorizing stock issues. The fourth step involves filing the corporation’s â€Å"articles of incorporation† with the Arizona state corporate filing office. The fifth step involves writing the corporate by-laws. The corporate by-laws are the guiding principles of the daily affairs of the organization. The sixth step involves creating a â€Å"shareholders’ agreement† which helps the owners address various cor porate issues such as voting rights, and intellectual property rights. The next step involves convening the first meeting of the board of directors. The seventh step involves issue of certificates to the equity owners. This stage is important because a corporate is required not to commence business before officially dividing owners’ interest in the organization. The next step involves obtaining business licenses and permits for the corporation from the relevant authorities that is federal government, state of Arizona and the local government. Then afterwards a business can begin operations. 4. Once Albert and Baker have formed a corporation, the company will be personally liable for its own liability. This means that Albert and Baker will not be personally liable for the debt of the organization. This is because corporate bodies normally have a separate life from its owners and as such, it can operate everything that a human being does on its own. In other words, corporate bo dies are artificial persons and as such, they can sue or be sued for failure to honor their obligations. The liability of the corporate owners is limited to the amount of money they have contributed towards acquisition of company assets and other investments (Cheeseman & McDonald 112). Albert and Baker are cushioned from the loss of personal property whenever the company fails to honor its debt obligation by the amount contributed they have to the company

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Prion Protein Alleles renders Essay

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Prion Protein Alleles renders susceptibility or resistance to Natural Scrapie in sheep - Essay Example Among these 3 codons there are 5 alleles generated that causes resistance and 3 alleles generated that causes susceptibility to the disease. Therefore, genotype of the breeds may dictate susceptibility or resistance to scrapie. Scrapie can be highly infectious and transmissible among similar species. But being a genetic disease, only individuals that are susceptible in the prion protein (PrP) gene could be infected, regardless of any environmental factors. The objective of this research is to analyze each species genotype as to their genetic make up for alleles. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the genotype of the three codons mentioned earlier, renders sheep susceptible or resistant to the disease. The research will involve the genotypic comparison of two breeds of sheep: The Awassi flock and The North Country Cheviot flock, to see which genotype of the two breeds resembles the disease allele the most. DNA extraction and amplification will be done through PCR amplification. F urthermore, identification of the nucleotide sequences that closely resemble those of the disease allele will be determined using methods of restriction enzymes and specific primer binding sites. PROJECT SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to identify sheep susceptibility and resistance for scrapie from two different breeds based strictly on genotypic variations due to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codons 136, 154 and 171. The primary reason for carrying out this research is to increase awareness about the fatal neurological disease in order to encourage farmers and breeders to take proper measurements in identifying the correct symptoms and to use proper sterile techniques to minimize transmission of the disease from environmental factors. More drastically, with no treatment or cure for scrapie, breeders can anticipate selective breeding to eradicate scrapie by mating a resistant ram (ARR) with any ewe. Thus, it will assure a resistant genotype for scrapie in the offspri ngs. Although selective breeding showed to have a few successes in the past, the method is not guaranteed to work every time, since factors such as mutation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) render the animal susceptible to acquiring the disease upon interaction. INTRODUCTION Scrapie is a dangerous, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of sheep and goats. The disease is also referred to as la tremblante (French: trembling), Traberkrankheit (German: trotting disease), or rida (Icelandic: ataxia or tremor) (Detwiler 1992). The disease was first recognized as affecting sheep in Great Britain and other countries of Western Europe over 250 years ago. The earliest definite record of the incidence of scrapie was in Britain in 1732. Following this event, there were accounts of a scrapie-like disease occurring in the Dorset Horn, Wiltshire Horn and Norfolk Horn breeds in England between 1750 and the early 1800s. Scrapie progressed in becoming a major problem in the English Suffolk breed around 1950, leading to successive financial loss in flocks. In 1938, first report of the disease was identified in Canada and since then there have been over 167 flocks in 6 Canadian provinces with confirmed cases of classical scrapie (Plummer 1946). In general, there is a gradual development of clinical cases of scrapie that have been recorded in many regions around the world; notable exceptions are Australia and New Zealand. This is due

Types of communication devices

Types of communication devices Task 1a Identify and explain types of communication devices PDAs PDA stands for personal digital assistant. PDAs are like hand held computers. PDAs are used as mobile phones, they are used for e-mail, web browsing and as media players. PDAs are touch screen devices and the only keypad is built into the device. Wireless Network Interface Card Wireless NICs are network cards that connect to computer networks. These computer networks are radio based. Regular NICs connect wired through Ethernet cables. Wireless network interface cards work in modes: infrastructure and ad hoc. When using infrastructure mode, you need an access point to connect to. When using ad hoc mode you do not need to connect to an access point, instead you connect to other wireless devices. However, you need to be using the same channel and the same SSID. Switches Switches send packets to different IP addresses. Switches are an important part of a network because they speed things up. Switches allow direct communication between computers efficiently. LAN switches create a series of networks that only contain two devices. Routers Routers connect multiple devices to the internet at the same time. A router is a network device that forwards information. It can connect two or more logical subnets to the interface of the router. These subnets are not always mapped one to one. Routers store MAC addresses from computers that have used it to get on the internet. Bridges A network bridge connects network segments together. Network bridges are like network hubs because they connect network segments at the physical layer; however network bridges analyse data packets on other segments of the network. A bridge processes the information it receives and then works out the MAC address using the bridge. Computers A computer is a machine that follows instructions to manipulate data. Computers are very versatile because they have a lot of programs on them which make them different from calculators. As long as a computer has enough storage capacity and time it can out any computational task, no matter how large the task. Wireless keyboard and Mouse A wireless keyboard connects to the computer by using infrared or Bluetooth signals. An infrared wireless keyboard requires the signal from the keyboard to the computer to be in a straight line for the signal to reach the computer properly. Wireless mice work in the same way. They use infrared radio frequency signals to connect with the computer. Printers In laser printers, they scan the paper to make sure that the paper is in correctly. Then the print on the ink on the paper one line at a time until the print job is finished. All other printers work in the same way. Mobile phone with WAP Mobile phones that have WAP enabled allow users to browse the internet on their phone. It lets users use the phone like a computer and only lets users download music, videos and browse headlines. Radio A walkie talkie works on a half duplex transmission. It allows people to communicate from a distance. However, it only allows people to talk one at a time. Also other people with other walkie talkies can listen in on conversations. GPS (SAT NAV) GPS stands for global positioning system. There lots of satellites that transmit signals to the ground. GPS devices do not transmit signals they only receive them. To work well GPS devices require a clear sky and dont work well in forested areas. WI FI Wireless networks use radio waves like radios and mobile phones. Devices using wireless internet receive radio waves and internet connection. Wireless routers translate data into radio signals and send it to devices using the router to get on the internet. Chapter 2 Simplex Simplex transmission either sends or receives data. It allows transmission in one direction. Half duplex Half duplex transmission allows two people to communicate with each other. However, it only allows one person to speak at a time. Full duplex Full duplex transmission allows two people two communicate at the same and lets them both talk at the same time. Serial Serial data travels one bit at a time. It travels through data cables in straight lines, like single file. The data travels quickly because it travels one bit at a time. Parallel Parallel data travels simultaneously eight bits at a time. This can be faster than simplex transmission as parallel travels more bits at a time. However, it can also be slower than serial at times because parallel transmission needs wider cables to travel at its fastest speed. Infra-red Infrared radiation is electromagnetic. Infrared waves travel at a frequency that makes it invisible the naked eye. This is because its wavelength is larger than light. But its wavelength is less than microwaves. Radio link A radio link is a two way system of communication. A radio link is used to provide control over two different points from a distance. They send and receive radio waves. Laser Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It emits light using a process called stimulated emission within the electromagnetic radiation. The light that a laser emits is a narrow low-divergence beam. Optical lenses are used to convert these beams. Bandwidth Bandwidth travels in bits. Different bandwidths travel at different rates. Bandwidth is what is used to connect to the internet. Every internet connection has a bandwidth capacity and is measured in hertz. Synchronous Synchronous transmission synchronises transmission speeds when sending and receiving at each end of the transmission clock. Data is constantly streamed into both ends of the transmission clock and does not start and stop. Asynchronous Unlike synchronous transmission, asynchronous transmission starts and stops. Asynchronous transmission allows data to travel ten bits at a time. It adds a one or a zero to the start and end of a binary code. The first added digit is to let the transmission know data is coming through and the other at the end of the code is to let the transmission know that the code has ended. Digital Digital system technology uses discontinuous values. The discontinuous values include numbers, letters and icons. It also uses continuous values which include sounds and images. Analogue Analogue data travels in continuous streams. Analogue is more accurate than digital because digital uses ones and zeros which means they can only approximate audio and video signals. Error detection and correction There are several techniques that can be used to reduce data transmission errors: Parity checking and CRC are a couple of techniques. Parity checking Parity checking uses a parity bit. This is a bit that is added to a number of bits with the value one to make sure that it is odd or even. There are two parity bits: even and odd. When even, the parity bit is set to one if the total amount of ones is odd therefore making it even. When using an odd parity bit the parity bit is set to one if the amount of ones is even therefore making the amount odd. CRC CRC is a non secure hash function. CRC detects changes to raw computer data. A CRC enabled device calculates a short fixed binary sequence for each block of data. It sends or receives them at the same time. The device repeats the calculation when a block is sent or received and contains a data error if the result does not match. Chapter 3 TCP/IP Tcp/ip stands for internet protocol suite. The internet protocol suite is made up of a set of protocols that can be used on a computer network. Tcp/ip is made up of layers. These layers are the link layer, the internet layer, the transport layer and the application layer. SMTP SMTP stands for simple mail transfer protocol. The SMTP is what transfers the email data from one computer to another. The SMTP body is the entire message and is different from the message body. FTP FTP works similar to web pages. Every FTP server file is given a url so other computers ca find it when they are connected to the internet. Users can use web browsers or FTP clients to upload and download files. UPnP UPnP is used as a way of automatically forwarding ports so people dont have to do it manually. UPnP stands for universal plug and play. The goal of UPnP is to allow devices to connect to the internet effortlessly and simplify installation of devices and networks. Bluetooth Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol. It allows data exchange over a short distance. The data is transferred using radio waves from stationary mobile devices. This creates personal area networks. Stationary Bluetooth mobile devices can connect to multiple devices at a time, avoiding synchronisation problems.

Brazil

Brazil is perceived as a standout amongst the most multiracial district on the planet that involves a colorful, diverse and intriguing society made up of Local American, Africans, and Portuguese. The reason why I am focus on Brazil is because someday I would like to be apart of the diversity. I believe that understanding their culture better will enable me to develop sensitivity and appreciation towards Brazil culture. I would be honored to participate in many traditional celebrations such as the annual Rio Carnival, which is one of the world most exciting and inspiring cultural festival in South America. It would be a wonderful opportunity to experience cultural tradition food such as â€Å"Feijoada†, which is consist with black beans and some sort of meat you consider to add to make a stew. In the following cultural resume, I will attempt to present a comprehensive brief summary of the diverse Brazilian culture. This will include providing a broad overview of the country's profile that will includes the country geography, racial, ethnic and also, with cultural holidays, traditional foods, different languages, beautiful landmarks. Alongside, a summary of the country's history, political system, educational system and challenges that Brazil is faced with. The second section will be focus on challenging some of the biases and assumptions that I previously held about the country. This will also include an attempt to evaluate how my stereotypes and sensitivity toward Brazilian population has changed, and the major lessons that I have learnt by focusing on this country. Finally, I will scrutinize on the ways that I will make effort to communicate with people that comprise the Brazilian culture. Brazil is arranged on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. The greatest country in South America running along 5000 miles from coastline to coastline through every edge in South America foresees from Chile and Ecuador. Brazil is on the coastline of Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The Brazilian scene is enormous and complex, with sprinkled streams, wetlands, mountains, and levels connecting other real highlights and navigating the limits of states and locales. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. Brazil's physical condition and atmosphere fluctuate enormously from the tropical North to the mild South. The scene is overwhelmed by a focal good country area known as the Planalto Focal (Brazilian High countries, or Level of Brazil) and by the huge Amazon Basin which possesses over one-third of the nation. Brazil is a beautiful topical country. The restricted seaside marsh zone ranges from tropical in the north to mild in the south. The cool upland fields of the south have a calm atmosphere and an incidental snowfall. The coolest period is from May to September, and the most blazing is from December to spring. October to May is the blustery season. As of 2018 the Brazilian population is well over 200 million. Set at number 5 in populace among the 193 countries of the world. In Brazil the decent variety of the scene coordinates that of the general population possesses of it which is indigenous people, Portuguese, Africans (which came as slaves). Around 86 percent of the population is urban.