Employee stress in the work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worker worry in the work place - Essay Example Administrators need to make a calm situation at the working environment for representatives so as to guarantee manageable hierarchical execution. In this paper, we will talk about a portion of the principle factors that can add to representative worry in the work environment, just as the potential estimates that directors can take to lessen worry in workers. 2. Elements That Cause Stress in Employees There are numerous individual, regulatory, work concerning factors that can cause worry in representatives. A portion of those components incorporate separation, warding representatives off in dynamic procedures, less special chances, turning shifts, work over-burden, job strife, group based clashes, exorbitant administrative control, expanded occupation timings, absence of secrecy, dangerous working conditions, and less pay (Akrani 2011). Let us talk about a portion of these issues in detail to know the manner in which they cause worry in workers. 2.1 Discrimination is one of the fundam ental factors that make workers focused. Segregation happens when administrators offer inclination to a specific individual or a gathering of people while taking any significant choice. Such inclination is generally founded on racial, morals, social, strict, and sex contrasts. For instance, elevating a male representative to a higher position in any event, when his presentation is low than his female partners. Such choices put a negative effect on the profitability and execution of different representatives. 2.2 Keeping Employees Away In Decision-Making Processes Employees additionally feel focused and discouraged when they are not engaged with dynamic procedures identified with their occupations. Representatives need some acknowledgment and incentive for the exhibitions that they appear for their organizations. Including them in dynamic procedures is probably the most ideal approaches to do as such. Be that as it may, when workers are dismissed during basic dynamic procedures, they feel mediocre and their degree of responsibility to their employments diminishes. 2.3 Less Promotional Opportunities If there are less chances of worker advancement in an organization, representatives dislike to work there on account of less odds of profession improvement. Working in an organization where there are less advancement openings and occupation enhancement is a fundamental factor of worry in representatives. 2.4 Increased Job Timings The harmony between work life and family life is significant for each worker. In circumstances where representatives don't discover sufficient opportunity to go through with their families because of longer working hours is additionally an explanation of worry in representatives. 2.5 Work Overload As Akrani (2011, p. 1) states, â€Å"excessive remaining burden prompts worry as it puts an individual under gigantic pressure†. Representatives feel focused when their chiefs give them enormous measures of work to finish in a solitary day. Correspondingly, giving less or exceptionally basic work additionally causes worry in representatives. Accomplishing work of straightforward nature prompts fatigue that in the long run prompts pressure and despondency. 3. Systems for Managing Stress in Employees As Manley (n.d.) states, â€Å"stress in the working environment is awful for a representative's wellbeing and furthermore causes interruptions, making it harder for the focused on individual to play out their job† (p. 1). It is the obligation of administrators to take compelling measures and methodologies to balance those negative impacts

Case Analysis ESRI

What Does It Mean to Work Part Time Hours

What Does It Mean to Work Part Time Hours In the world we are living today, the cost of living has become extremely high.Despite the unemployment rate being at its lowest in almost 50 years, salaries have not been increasing enough to match the steadily rising cost of living.In order to meet their basic needs, many people are finding themselves supplementing their income with part time jobs.Aside from those seeking to supplement their income, part time jobs are also a great option for those who have other obligations, such as school or parenting, that make it impossible for them to hold a full-time job.If you are looking to supplement your main income, if you are a student looking for a part time job to help you pay your way through college, or even if you are a parent looking for a part-time job to help you foot your bills while raising a young child, it is important for you to learn more about part time jobs before you start looking.In today’s article, we are going to look at what determines whether a job qualifies to be termed as part time, the hourly requirements of a part time job, some of the reasons why someone might want a part time job, reasons why employers might hire for part time positions, and types of part time jobs.WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER AN EMPLOYEE IS PART-TIME/WHAT IS A PART-TIME JOB? According to the International Labour Organization, a part time job as a form of employment whereby an employed person works fewer hours compared to those worked by a full-time worker.With this kind of employment, the employees typically work in shifts which are usually rotational.While the Fair Labor Standards Act does not specify the number of hours that are considered as full-time employment, many employers considered employees to be part time when they works for less than 35 hours a week.The Bureau of Labor Statistics also considers anyone working 35 or more hours per week to be a full time employee, though this definition is only used for statistical purposes.At the same time, for purposes of the Affordable Care Act, the IRS considers anyone working more than 30 hours a week to be a full time employee.The definition of part time work will also differ from country to country, therefore this definition might not apply for people outside the United States.For example, in Finland, Canada and New Zealand, one needs to work less than 30 hours to be considered as a part time employee.In Hungary and Turkey, a part time employee should work less than 36 hours, while the Norway considers anyone working less than 37 hours to be a part time employee.In most industrialized countries, workers under part time employment have increased greatly over the last two decades. In developed countries, the number of part time hours put in by workers is higher compared to developing countries.There also exists a considerable gender difference when it comes to working part time.Women are more likely to work part time as compared to men especially across the world.This is mainly because they have to ta ke care of their household work and also take care of the children.Although developed countries have recorded a higher number of part time hours by workers, the number of part time workers is very high in Africa which is a developing region.It is also notable that the number of part time workers is high among low-skilled employees and in the service sector.Considering that there are no documented laws or government regulations to determine what counts as part time work, it is almost entirely left for the employer to decide what constitutes part time work.In most cases, part time work is usually determined by factors such as:The hiring company or employer â€" the employer will set the conditions for the job as well as the pay.The position of the job â€" some positions, especially those in the service industry and industries that operate round the clock, are more suited to part time workers.The budget for the job â€" employers with a limited budget might decide to hire part time worke rs. Since part time workers are not entitled to benefits, hiring part time workers is more cost effective compared to hiring full time workersAgreement between the employer and the employee.Part time jobs especially those with rotating shifts will require an employee to furnish the employer with information about days and hours available for them to be able to come up with a rotating schedule for all the employees.Such jobs include restaurant waiters, nurses, cashiers or retail salespeople.REASONS WHY SOMEONE MIGHT GO FOR A PART-TIME JOBThere are a variety of reasons why someone might go for a part-time job.For some, it is a way to earn an extra coin to supplement their main income, while others choose part time jobs because it is the only working arrangement that their circumstances will allow.Some of the reasons why someone might choose a part time job include:Paying Off DebtsDebts like student loans and mortgages need to be serviced or paid off regardless.The lenders are not in t he least concerned about the state of your financial situation, all they care about is the money you owe them.Providing for all your basic needs and servicing a loan both at the same time can be quite cumbersome.This is one of the major reasons people look for a part time job to supplement their full-time job.Others might also work multiple part time jobs in order to both survive and pay off the debts they owe.Meet Student ExpensesWhile education is considered a basic need today, not everyone is fortunate enough to have parents/guardians who can see them through college or to access student loans to finance their education.Even for those who have someone to see them through college, they might not get enough allowances to cater for their day to day expenses.In such situations, part time work is a great options that allows them to earn an income while leaving them with enough time to dedicate to their academic obligations.Better Balance Between Work And Family LifeIf you are a family person, part-time work might be a better option compared to full-time work.Women are the most likely to get into part time work as compared to the men.This is because apart from earning a living they have the responsibility of taking care of the children and ensuring their homes are well taken care of.For example, someone with young kids might need someone to drop and pick kids from day care and watch over them when they are at home.If such a person does not have a nanny, they will need a job with flexible hours to be able to juggle all these things.This makes part time work a great option for them.Some men will also go for part time work because it allows them to spend quality time with their families and while at the same time earning an income to support their families.It’s a win-win situation.Today, there are more men working in part time positions compared to two decades ago.Supplementing Other Household NeedsPaying bills and meeting the basic needs for a household can somet imes be overwhelming.In this case one may need to work part time to add to the family income.This mostly applies to people who are underemployed or those who don’t earn enough to cater for all of these needs.Entry Point into a Permanent PositionWorking part time can be a path to full-time employment.Most employers are not in a hurry to give permanent positions into their companies especially if they are not sure of an employee’s skill.Thus they might need to put you on part time basis as they test your skills.Sometimes, it can just be simply that the employer needs to build up the budget to allow for permanent hire.This is why some people opt to work part time as they wait to receive a permanent contract.Gaining ExperiencePart time jobs in the form of paid internships help one to gain experience for the next job. Employers like seeing a work history.Someone who has worked a part time job can use the experience gained from the job to help them increase their chances of landing a permanent job.They will have a greater advantage compared to someone who has absolutely no experience.Self Esteem“What do you do?”This is a question most of us have been asked at some point in our lives.Most of us feel the need to be seen as productive and needed hence the need to find some work to do.It builds our self-esteem to feel productive and not viewed as a leech.Therefore, even someone who has most of their needs taken care of by a parent/guardian might decide to take a part time job in order to feel productive and not to be totally dependent on their guardian.Career OpportunitiesWorking part-time can be a great way to test your skills and ability to work in a full time position.It can also open doors to exciting career opportunities because you will have proved your worth in terms of being able to handle the job.Reduced Stress LevelsStudies show that people who work full-time tend to feel more worn out by the end of the day compared to those who work part time.This is mainly due to the little time have take to engage in a healthy lifestyle habits such as exercising.They are likely to develop stress which in turn affects their health.Part time workers have more time, which means it is easier for them to find the time to engage in healthy lifestyle habits, such as hitting the gym.Free Time to Pursue Studies or Other ProjectsWorking part time means one has more free time which can be used to engage in other activities or projects such as furthering their education to help them climb up the corporate ladder, pursuing their hobbies, or engaging in community work.REASONS WHY EMPLOYERS MIGHT HIRE FOR PART-TIME POSITIONSEmployers have different reasons for hiring part time workers. Sometimes it might be for selfish reasons and other times it might be just for convenience.In most cases, however, hiring part time employees provides employers with more advantages as compared to hiring full-time workers.Cost EffectiveHiring part time employees means a reduct ion in costs.First, part time workers on a contractual basis will usually be paid an hourly wage based on the number of hours they are required to work in order to complete a certain task.If there is no work to be done, such a worker won’t be required to come to work.This means that the employer will be getting value for money, since they are only paying for work done.Compare this to a full-time worker who will still be paid at the end of the month even when there is no work to be done.In addition, hiring part time workers is cost effective since part time employees are not entitled to benefits   such as paid leave, paid sick offs or health insurance.The employer saves a lot in terms of unpaid benefits which would have been a significant cost for them if they had full-time workers. In most instances, the employers only get off with paying retirement benefits.Flexible WorkforcePart time workers provide employers with flexibility. The employer is therefore not obligated to fit in a 40 hours-a week schedule if the workload does not support it.The employer will only allocate workers a task according to the time needed to complete the workload.Project Based WorkIt would make uneconomical sense to hire a full-time worker for a project that requires different skills set that this worker might not have.In some cases, most projects are a one-off assignment that require varying skill sets based on the project.In such situations, it would not be wise to hire a full-time employee who has the specific skill needed for one project but lacks the expertise to work on another project.For companies that have such varying projects, it makes more sense to hire part time workers based on the project they are currently working on.Specialized SkillsSometimes a company may require a specialized skill to carry out a specific task which may not be possessed by the pool of full-time workers in the company.It would be wise to hire the specialized skill on part time basis until the said task is completed rather than having them full-time even when they are not required. So most companies would only hire when there is need to.Reduce the Workload of Full-Time WorkersThe workload in a company may increase from time to time and most employers find it easier employing part time workers to work during such times, such as evenings and during weekends, to ease the workload while remaining within the time frames set to complete the work.TYPES OF PART-TIME JOBSPart time job is a traditional form of non-standard employment that has recently gained lots of widespread popularity all over the world as a preferred form of employment.There are four types of part-time jobs;Substantial part-time â€" with this type, workers work between 21-34 hours per week.Short part-time â€" workers work 20 hours or less per weekMarginal part-time â€" workers work less than 15 hours per weekOn call work â€" workers work very short hours and unpredictable fixed hours.From these four forms of part-t ime, there are endless possibilities and opportunities for part time employment.Some of the positions you can easily get part time employment include:Retail positions â€" Most retail shops operate round the clock or between 12-18 hours a day. Different times of the day or seasons are busier than others therefore part-time workers are always needed to supplement the full-time workers to capitalize on sales. These retail positions include cashiers, sale assistants or shop attendants.Positions in the restaurant industry â€" Restaurants are basically busy during meal times as opposed to between meals when the work is slow and there is no need to a lot of staff. One can capitalize on this and apply for part-time work either as a waiter or waitress, cashier, or dishwashers.Substitute teacher â€" As long as you are a degree holder, you qualify to be a substitute teacher, which is a part time position.Photographer â€" If you have good photography skills, you could be employed by a photograp hy agency to cover for the main photographers when there are a lot of events to be covered.Lifeguard â€" Most swimming pools are only open to the public for a few hours every day. If you are a good swimmer and are available during these hours, this can be a great part time job.Bank tellers â€" Some banks and credit unions tend to hire tellers who work 4 hour shifts that is from 9 am to 10 pm to work on the busier days when there are a lot of customers.Car washing and lawn mowing.Library assistant.Graphic designer.These are just but a few examples of part-time job opportunities you could look up and choose from.ARE PART TIME WORKERS ENTITLED TO BENEFITS?Part-time workers are most of the times not entitled to many of the benefits enjoyed by their counterparts who work full-time, such as health insurance, life insurance, unemployment insurance, paid time-offs, disability insurance, or retirement benefits.This is one of the major reasons why many employers might prefer hiring part-time workers as opposed to full-time workers.Not having to pay benefits allows them to save a significant amount of money.However there has been efforts to improve working conditions for part-time workers by the International Labor Organization.These improvements are mainly focused on the hourly wage rates of part time workers and basic benefits such as maternity leave for women who make up a big percentage of people working part-time.As of now, the benefits of part time workers are left to the employer’s discretion. Still, there are some employers who provide their part-time employees with some benefits.For instance, online retail giant Amazon is in the process of creating about 5000 positions that will be on a part time basis.Those employed to these positions will be provided with basic benefits such as paid maternity leave.IKEA also has offers paid parental leave to both full time and part time employees. Many companies also provide retirement benefits for part-time employees who ha ve been with the companies for a specified period of time.Another controversial issue when it comes to part time employees is the issue of overtime.According to the FLSA, if a non-exempt employee works for more than 40 hours in a week, they should be paid one and a half times their normal hourly rate for each hour beyond the normal 40 hours.Since part time employees are not non-exempt, they should also receive overtime pay.While part time employees are less likely to work more than 40 hours a week, it is not entirely impossible.For instance, a part time worker might work more than 40 hours as a result of covering a co-worker’s shift. In this case, they should receive overtime pay.WRAPPING UPIf you are looking for a way to supplement your main income or earn a living while taking care of other obligations, such as studying or taking care of a young kid, part time employment might be a great option for you.Part time employment is basically any job that allows you to work less number of hours than those worked by full time employees.In most cases, this usually means a job where you will work less than 35 hours.While part time employment offers great flexibility, it is good to note that part time employees are not entitled to employee benefits, therefore you should put this into consideration when searching for a part time position.

An Update About Deforestation in Canada

Deforestation, or the loss of forests, is progressing at a fast pace worldwide. This issue gets much attention in tropical regions where rainforests are converted to agriculture, but large swaths of boreal forests are cut each year in colder climates. Canada has long enjoyed an excellent standing in terms of environmental stewardship. That reputation is being seriously challenged as the federal government is promoting aggressive policies on fossil fuel exploitation, dropping climate change commitments, and muzzling federal scientists. What does Canada’s recent record on deforestation look like? An Important Player in the Global Forest Picture Canada’s use of its forest is significant because of the global importance of its wooded lands – 10% of the world’s forests are located there. Most of it is boreal forest, defined by stands of coniferous trees in subarctic regions. A lot of the boreal forest is far from roads and this isolation makes Canada the steward of much of the remaining primary or â€Å"pristine forests† not fragmented by human activity. These wilderness areas play important roles as wildlife habitat and as climate regulators. They produce large amounts of oxygen and store carbon, thus reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a key greenhouse gas. Net Losses Since 1975, about 3.3 million hectares (or 8.15 million acres) of Canadian forest were converted to non-forest uses, representing about 1% of the total forested areas. These new uses are primarily agriculture, oil/gas/mining, but also urban development. Such changes in land use can truly be considered deforestation, as they result in permanent or at least very long-lasting loss of forest cover. Cut Forests Does Not Necessarily Mean Lost Forest Now, a much greater amount of forest is cut each year as part of the forest products industry. These forest cuts amount to around a half million hectares a year. The main products issued from Canada’s boreal forest are softwood lumber (typically used in construction), paper, and plywood. The forest products sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP is now only slightly more than 1%. Canada’s forestry activities do not convert forests into pastures like in the Amazon Basin, or into palm oil plantations as in Indonesia. Instead, forestry activities are done as part of management plans prescribing practices to encourage natural regeneration or the direct replanting of new seedling trees. Either way, the cutover areas will return to forest cover, with only a temporary loss of habitat or carbon-storing capabilities. Around 40% of Canada’s forests are enrolled in one of the three leading forest certification programs, which require sustainable management practices. A Major Concern, Primary Forests The knowledge that most forests cut in Canada are managed to grow back doesn’t detract from the fact that primary forest continued to be cut at an alarming rate. Between 2000 and 2014, Canada is responsible for the greatest total loss, acreage-wise, of primary forest in the world. This loss is due to the continued spread of road networks, logging, and mining activities. Over 20% of the world’s total loss of primary forests occurred in Canada. These forests will grow back to, but not as secondary forests. Wildlife necessitating large amounts of land (for example, woodland caribou and wolverines) will not come back, invasive species will follow the road networks, as will hunters, mining prospectors, and second-home developers. Perhaps less tangibly, but just as importantly, the unique character of the vast and wild boreal forest will be diminished. Sources: ESRI. 2011. Canadian Deforestation Mapping and Carbon Accounting for Kyoto Agreement.Global Forest Watch. 2014. World Lost 8 Percent of its Remaining Pristine Forests Since 2000.Natural Resources Canada. 2013. The State of Canada’s Forests. Annual Report.

Jamba Juice - 1403 Words

Jamp;J pharmaceuticals has a lot of opportunities as health care industries are not dependent on the financial industry, where as the financial industry is dependent upon the stock market. As the economy is dwindling jobs in that industry are also dwindling or scarce. The more scarcity of the jobs means that more people of the open market and qualified people will take the entry level jobs, where as the pharmaceutical industry is driven by healthcare. Unhealthy volunteers participate in clinical trials to improve upon conditions that have already been sustained. For instance there is no cure for cancer so Jamp;J is trying to come up with ways to prolong patients life alongside to giving them a pain free life. Working in this field†¦show more content†¦Since 1887, Johnson and Johnson has been producing, manufacturing and selling products related to human health and well-being. Today Jamp;J has over 200 autonomous operating companies and do business globally specializing i n consumer products, medical devices and diagnostics, and pharmaceuticals. Consumer products are the companys most recognizable segment, including popular brands like Tylenol, Johnson and Johnson Baby Shampoo and Band-Aid. The medical devices and diagnostics segment manufactures products including surgical equipment and contact lenses. The largest of the three segments is pharmaceuticals. Johnson and Johnson is poised for growth on many fronts. Their short-term outlook is bright due to a lead position in the drug-coated stent market. They should also see a substantial increase in prescription drug sales from the recently enacted Medicare regulation, which will grant prescription drug coverage to more Americans. In the long run, Jamp;J should see consistent sales growth fueled by the aging demographics in the United States. Moreover, the medical supplies and services needed by the elderly population will increase simultaneously with the aging of the large baby boomer population. Whi le there is no doubt that Jamp;J is a corporation that has gone a long way and due to its reliability, culture andShow MoreRelatedAn Essay on Jamba Juice10168 Words   |  41 PagesIntroduction Our product is Jamba Juice and our target country is Spain. We chose this product because it has grown to become one of the nation’s best-known smoothie chains, emphasizing the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and because the company is looking for international expansion opportunities. We chose Spain as our target country for expansion of our product due to its current economic status and economic growth forecasts for the future. 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How Slavery And Colonialism Have Shaped Modern Societies Free Essays

Introduction Slavery is a system involving the treatment of people as commodities or property, traded often for the purpose of forced labour. This practice precedes written record having existed in numerous cultures. Most notable in its scale was the slave trade in the pre-industrial societies with the most significant being the trans-Atlantic slave trade (Eltis and Engerman, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on How Slavery And Colonialism Have Shaped Modern Societies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slaves mainly from the western and central Africa were sold by African slave merchants and tribal elders to European slave traders to be exploited in an inexpensive labour force. They were then transported to colonies in North and South America and forced to work on plantations of coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar; in the rice fields; in the construction industry; in silver and gold mines; and/or served in houses working as servants (Eltis and Engerman, 2000). Colonialism refers to the establishment, acquisition, maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of a territory by people of other territories or their agents. A colony refers to the territory controlled by another state or its agents. Colonialism describes a set of unequal relationships between colonial power and the colonists on one hand, bearing upon the colony and indigenous population on the other. The period from the 14th to the 19th centuries was an era characterized by European colonialism in which several European powers particularly Portugal, Spain, France, Britain, and the Netherlands established colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas (Cooper, 2005). Both of these pursuits were designed to strengthen the home country through agriculture and economic exploits through the participation in international trade and exploitation of new lands, among other resources for capital profit in competition with rivals primarily under inter-capitalist rivalry for capital accumulation. They were particularly important in the economic development of capitalism (Ferguson, 2003; Getz and Heather, 2010). This paper seeks to establish if slavery and/or colonialism shaped modern societies and if so, in what ways. In consideration of the contribution and influences of slavery and colonialism in shaping modern societies, industrial capitalism, which consequently undid the dependence on slave trade, the gradual economic change, and the cumulative effect of consequent economic and political developments have significantly shaped modern societies in the global arena (Getz and Heather, 2010). It obtains therefore that in the long term slave trade and colonialism contributed to the development of capitalism which has resulted in the continued dominance of international trade and politics, given their strong economies and political maturity. Consequent impacts of slavery and colonialism ventures on modern societies include: unequal social relations and racial inferiority; neo-colonial dependency; distorted economies as well as massive poverty, particularly of the colonies, especially in Africa. In positive light, the pursuits of slavery and colonialism created effective conduits for commerce both at sea and on land with improved infrastructure and technological progress, as well as in the spread of languages, literature and cultures which has contributed to modern day globalization (Henry and Sangeeta, 2004; Ferguson, 2003). The modern capitalist economic system Capitalism is basically an economic system in which investment of capital (or money) is used to produce profits. Factors of production such as land, communications, factories and transport systems are privately owned by either individuals or corporations trading in a ‘free market’ whose main feature is competition (Hobsbawm, 1999). Historians debate the contribution of slave trade and colonialism to modern economic development with some having the view that the capital required came from within through industrial development. However, others argue that these predominantly commercial pursuits, driven by rivalry in the quest for capital accumulation and imperialism (international dominance), were the essential components in the development of the globally dominant capitalist economy (Cooper, 2005; Henry and Sangeeta, 2004). The industrial revolution and economic growth The processing of raw materials and profits from plantations sourced from colonial territories and produced predominantly through slave labour gave rise to industrial development and the creation of employment, increasing general prosperity and significantly enhancing the economies of the Western nations (Eltis and Engerman, 2000; Ferguson, 2003). The industrial revolution was backed significantly by the easing of credit facilities of new industrialists suffering from the lengthy turnover time with credit offerings which are a vital factor. This was enabled by offerings from the success and profits from ventures and principally, financial bills backed by plantation products like sugar and tobacco which became a form of money and went into circulation, filling the absence of sufficient credit and lending institutions required for industrial development (Eltis and Engerman, 2000). Through this set of events, it is clear that slavery and colonialism led to the development of the modern capitalist economy. The industrial revolution and profits obtaining from the exploits of this era were substantial with the recipients becoming very rich and gaining power in the political and social spheres, thereby challenging the dominance of monarchies at the time (Rud?e, 1972). Growth in capitalism led to the emergence of economic institutions which provided security to property rights and to the broader society enhancing investments. These institutions were also the result of the development of political institutions which served to constrain the power of the monarchies and allied groups (Rogowski, 1989; Hobsbawm, 1999). Through this, Britain and France, which were farther ahead in economic development ushered in industrial development and parliamentary democracy with attendant liberties, structures and processes which exist and serve the modern society globally to this day (Ferguson, 2003). Globalization and migrations Other benefits and significant impacts that this trade and commerce has had on societies today include improved infrastructure, technological progress, and the opening up of territories around the globe which have been fostered by capitalist democracies; as well as the spread of languages, literation and culture internationally (Hobsbawm, 1999). These have been significant in fostering globalization. Most manufacturing towns and cities, trade routes and sea ports that were developed during this era are still in service in international trade. Also noteworthy is the fact that travel and migrations have resulted in changes in ethnic compositions of countries, particularly those of colonisers and colonies such as the Americas (Getz and Heather, 2010). Racial inferiority, dependency and distorted economies There are however significant negative impacts that these developments have had which are evident in modern societies including unequal social relations which result in racial inferiority; neo-colonial dependency; massive poverty; and distorted economies among others (Getz and Heather, 2010; Henry and Sangeeta, 2004). The dominance of Western nations in the global economy as established through these exploits and organized under capitalism has resulted in inequalities among nations and peoples across the globe. This is enhanced by imperialistic tendencies and neo-colonial dependency characteristic in the relationships of colony states with their colonizers, as well as neo-colonialism (Gallaher et al, 2008). This has resulted in unequal social relations globally and racial inferiority, which in part are consequences of massive poverty and distorted economies in most former colonies. This is illustrated in the neo-colonial dependency of colony states to former colonizers which still exists in modern societies and the distorted economies. When one society finds itself forced to relinquish power to another society, it finds itself in a form of underdevelopment, a subordination that continues to be felt in modern societies (Gallaher et al, 2008). This can in part explain the fate of African and Caribbean states which are characterised by massive poverty and socio-psychological disorientation. Underdevelopment has led to social stratification and geographic disparities due to the belief and perceptions of peoples, such as those of the developing world as being racially inferior to the better-endowed peoples of the Western world. Generations of descendants from slavery continue to be affected by prejudice and bigotry and limited opportunities (Getz and Heather, 2010). Conclusion The view that slavery and colonialism has shaped modern societies has been elucidated and the ways in which this influence has occurred has been discussed. It is considered that the capitalist economic system of the modern world arose from exploits associated or resulting from slave trade and colonialism which has led to the economic divide between the Western world states with those of the colonised, especially the African states. This has led to neo-colonial dependency, social stratification and geographic disparities which have resulted in perceptions of racial inferiority characterized by prejudice, bigotry and limited opportunities. References Cooper, F., 2005. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Eltis, D., and S., Engerman, 2000. â€Å"The Importance of Slavery and the Slave Trade to Industrializing Britain.† In: Journal of Economic History, 60, 123-144. Ferguson, N., 2003. Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World. London: Allen Lane. Gallaher, C. et al., 2008. Imperialism/Colonialism: Key Concepts in Political Geography, Sage Publications Ltd. p. 5 (GIC). Getz, R., and Heather S., (eds.), 2010. Modern Imperialism and Colonialism: A Global Perspective. Henry S., and R., Sangeeta, 2004. A Companion to Postcolonial Studies. John Wiley Sons. p. 271. Hobsbawm, E., 1999. Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, New York: The New Press. Rogowski, R., 1989. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade affects Domestic Political Alignments, Princeton; Princeton University Press. Rud?e, G., 1972. Europe in the Eighteenth Century: Aristocracy and the Bourgeois Challenge, Cambridge MA; Harvard University How to cite How Slavery And Colonialism Have Shaped Modern Societies, Essay examples

Police Brutality Essays (9057 words) - Law Enforcement, Government

Police Brutality In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform , education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise , however, when one side is told what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as badg e and gun holders to intimidate and abuse civilians for personal or departmental goals. Such conflicts have significant implications on departmental and administrative policy procedures. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. The main goal here should be to get the police departments to adopt and enforce a written policy governing the use of physical force. The policy should restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand-to-hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns, and firearms. However, limiting polices' actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons criminals have on the streets, and limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. For instance, not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, to help curtail unwarranted use, but policies should require officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. That report should then be automatically reviewed by superior officers. It is necessary to involve superior officers so that a tolerance of brutality is not established, and an atmosphere conducive to police abuse is not created. Police may feel that such action would be burdensome. This is so because police often already feel burdened and restrained by policy and paperwork which takes a large amount of their on-duty time. When will police be required to do paperwork on how long and what was done during each coffee break to ensure tax payers are getting their every seconds worth? There must be a reasonable balance between civilian intervention and administration. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical force. The incidents should then be investigated. For those officers who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they